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Nothing so far was really exciting. The most complicated thing you could say was something like I wrote two long letters to your brothers. All such sentences were simple (maybe it was not so simple to create them, but they are nevertheless called simple).
Now, the exciting things: how to express that something was caused by an event?
The simplest way to indicate cause of something is by using the preposition zbog¨ + G. But what if something was not caused by a thing, but by a whole event, normally expressed by a sentence? There’s a small difference then. (There’s a difference in English too, where you have to use because, and not because of.) In such cases, the main way is to use the conjunction jer:
Trava je mokra jer je padala kiša. ▶ The grass is wet because it has rained.
The word jer and words after it are a kind of sentence-within-a-sentence. There will be a verb inside, a subject, possibly an object and who knows what. Such sub-sentences are usually called clauses (more precisely, this kind is called reason clause). I will often emphasize clauses by enclosing them in square brackets [...].
(I called jer a conjunction, and zbog¨ a preposition due to tradition – you will find such classification in other grammar books. However, it’s often hard to tell if a word is a preposition, a conjunction or something else. What is important for you is how to use a word and not how it is classified.)
The word order in clauses is the same as in any other sentence; the word jer holds the first position, so all the second-position words must come right after it. Therefore, there are two "second positions" in one sentence, both filled in our example by the word je²:
Trava¹ je² mokra [jer¹ je² padala kiša].
(Recall that people usually use impf. padati fall for rain in past and future tenses as well, instead of the matching perf. verb pasti (padne, pao) fall.)
A reason clause can be in any tense, for example in the present tense, or in the future tense, if you predict that something will happen:
Trava je mokra [jer pada kiša]. The grass is wet [because it’s raining].
Uzeo sam kišobran [jer će padati kiša]. I took an umbrella [because it’s going to rain]. {m}
Another, less often used way is to use zato što instead of jer; everything else is the same:
Trava je mokra [zato što je² padala kiša]. (the same meaning)
There’s one more way, using zbog toga što. (Colloquially, you will also hear and sometimes read zato jer in such sentences.)
All such sentences express reasons that caused something: it rained and it made the grass wet. However, it’s possible that somebody is doing something because he or she wants something to happen later (or, not to happen). In English, such sentences look like these:
(1) I took an umbrella [so (that) I don’t get wet]. (we’ll assume a male speaker)
(2) I need ten kunas [to buy a sandwich].
(3) I’m learning Croatian [so (that) I can talk to Ana].
(4) I’ll buy you a new phone [so (that) you can call me].
The sentences above contain clauses in square brackets known as purpose clauses. English here uses a variety of conjunctions (to, in order to, so that, so). Croatian is way simpler – it just uses one word: da. These four sentences translate as:
(1) Uzeo sam kišobran da se ne smočim.
(2) Trebam deset kuna da kupim sendvič. ▶
(3) Učim hrvatski da mogumoći
pres-1 razgovarati s Anom.
(4) Kupit ću ti novi telefon da me možešmoći
pres-2 zvati.
We have used here the perfective member of the event verb pair kupovati (kupuje) ~ kupiti buy, because there’s no repetition, stretching, we don’t say how long we’re going to shop, the rain is not going shopping, so perfective verb it is.
Now, there’s a special rule: verbs after da should be in the present tense only. Perfective verbs are often used (e.g. in sentences #1 and #2), because it’s not true present tense by any means. The verb smočiti is a perfective verb that can be used with an object (in A) meaning make wet, but with se² it means get wet. (There are many verbs like that.)
As with jer and zato što, any fixed-position words come right after da, e.g. check the sentence #4:
Kupit¹ ću² ti²
novi telefon
[da¹ me²
možešmoći
pres-2 zvati].
There’s another special rule: instead of the verb biti (je² +), the potential verb (bude) must be used in purpose clauses:
Trebaš kaput [da ti ne bude hladno]. You need a coat [so that you don’t get cold].
In such sentences, the potential verb (bude) is often translated as English get or become. To see that the verb was replaced, compare the sentence above to the desired outcome; obviously, nije was replaced by ne bude:
Nije ti hladno. You are not cold.
Sometimes, you’ll hear and read the conditional instead of the present tense in purpose clauses. Keep in mind that in such clauses, both present and conditional imply future, possible events and states.
The conjunction da has other roles as well, it’s one of the most used words in Croatian.
There’s an interesting phrase za slučaj da, followed by a reason, expressed usually in the present tense (perfective verbs allowed), indicating precaution, as English just in case:
Uzet ću kišobran, za slučaj da pada kiša. ▶ I’ll take an umbrella, just in case it rains.
If you want to express general precaution, like English just in case followed by nothing specific (or like to be on the safe side), use za svaki slučaj:
Zatvorit ću prozor, za svaki slučaj. I’ll close the window, just in case.
While reason and purpose clauses cannot be rearranged, and usually aren’t separated by a comma, the precautions can be placed before the main sentence, and usually are separated by a comma:
Za svaki slučaj, zatvorit ću prozor. (the same meaning)
Next, you can use just zato to refer to something said before as a reason; it’s common to start a sentence with that word:
Padat će kiša. It will rain.
Zato trebam kišobran. That’s why I need an umbrella.
There’s one more way to express purpose, and it’s used only with verbs of motion. When you go somewhere to “get”, “take” or “pick up” somebody or something, the common way to express it is simply by po¨ + A:
Vraćam se po novčanik. I’m going back to get my wallet.
Let’s summarize ways of expressing reasons in Croatian:
Expressing reasons in Croatian | ||
---|---|---|
because of... | zbog¨ | + thing in G |
because... |
jer zato što |
+ clause in any tense |
(in order) to... so (that)... |
da (zato da) |
+ clause in pres. tense biti (je² +) → (bude) |
just in case... | za slučaj da + clause | |
just in case | za svaki slučaj | |
(motion) to get... | po¨ | + thing in A |
In Standard Croatian, there’s another sort-of-preposition: radi. It’s similar to zbog¨, but it expresses a purpose instead of cause. (Very few people maintain such distinction and both are used interchangeably in real life, meaning just a cause, but radi is frequent in some dialects, used for both purpose and cause.) Why did I called it sort-of-preposition? Because it’s often placed after the word it’s linked to.
There are other types of clauses in Croatian starting with da; if you need to stress you are talking about purpose, you can use zato da instead of da:
Trebam deset kuna zato da kupim sendvič. I need ten kunas in order to buy a sandwich. (emphasis on purpose)
This can’t be used in za slučaj da, since it’s a specific, purpose-only construction.
If you want to ask why something happened (or something is done) start a question with the word zašto why ®. As with other question-words, no rearrangement of the rest is needed:
Zašto je trava mokra? ▶ Why is the grass wet?
— Zbog kiše. Because of the rain.
— Jer je padala kiša. Because it has rained.
— Jer pada kiša. Because it’s raining.
— Pada kiša. It’s raining.
You usually answer just with the cause, preceded by the right conjunction, as above (conjunctions can be even left out). The same goes for purpose clauses and precautions, but da cannot be left out in any case:
Zašto trebaš deset kuna? Why do you need ten kunas?
— Da kupim sendvič. To buy a sandwich.
Zašto si zatvorio prozor? Why did you close the window?
— Za svaki slučaj. Just in case.
With po¨ + A:
Zašto se vraćaš? Why are you going back?
— Po kišobran. To get the umbrella.
There are two more conjunctions that indicate cause. Both are used mostly in writing; reason clauses using them are normally placed at the beginning:
budući da pošto | since (meaning because) |
The conjunction pošto is discouraged (in this role) in standard Croatian. Both conjunctions are seldom used in answers.
There’s one fine point left. Sometimes, you’ll see, when short time adverbs – such as sad(a) now, još still and već already – are placed after jer, second position words come after the adverb. For example:
Ne želim knjigu [jer¹ već¹ sam ju² pročitala]. I don’t want the book [because I’ve already read it]. {f}
The same can happen with stressed pronouns (e.g. meni).
This is much rarer than the default word order; don’t panic if you see it once a while. This is likely done only be some speakers, when they want to specially emphasize an adverb or a stressed pronoun.
________
® In Bosnia and Serbia, you will often hear just što instead of zašto.
Thanks- this page is incredibly useful. I'm going to keep it open for a day or so and keep going back to it- zbog mojog starog mozaka!
ReplyDeleteEvo ekvatora!
ReplyDeleteDodavao sam svaku novu riječ iz ovog bloga i imam sada oko 1200 hrvatsko-ukrainskih kartica u Anki.
Također, sinoć Hrvatska je pobijedila Rusiju u nogometnoj utakmici Svijetskog Prvenstva, ole-ole-ole! :)
Hvala puno za ovaj sajt, za mogućnost malo (trenutno) govoriti i malo razumjeti hrvatski!