N |
A |
DL |
G |
24 |
I |
V |
This chapter will explain various constructions which mostly correspond to English one another.
In such constructions, two adjectives-used-as-pronouns are frequently used together:
jedan (jedn-) one | drugi other, another |
The simplest examples are when they fill subject and object (or indirect object) roles in a sentence. For example:
Jedan čeka drugog. One is waiting for another.
Jedan pomaže drugom. One is helping another.
Jedan se igra s drugim. One is playing with another.
This simply means: one person does something to another person (or animal, actually anything). Who these person are is not said, it must be known from the context.
However, unlike in English, these adjectives-used-as-pronouns are used in plural too, where they stand for groups:
Jedni čekaju druge. One group is waiting for another group.
Jedni pomažu drugima. One group is helping another group.
Jedni se igraju s drugima. One group is playing with another group.
Now, in all examples above, we have used only masculine animate gender; when we have mixed-sex sets, or sets of neuter things (trees, eggs) you can use the neuter gender, and in all-female sets, feminine is used:
Jedna pomaže drugoj. One is helping another. {all-female}
For example, the last sentence would be used in a group of girls that do some task together.
Now, it’s also possible to say they help one another, but that one another part is much more specific in Croatian. For example, two people, Marko and Ivan help each other. We would say:
Ivan i Marko pomažu [jedan drugom]. Ivan and Marko help each other.
Now, the words jedan (jedn-) and drugi are still in singular: they describe what is going on in detail. One person helps another.
Of course, if we had two women or girls, we would use the feminine forms:
Ana i Ivana pomažu [jedna drugoj]. Ana and Ivana help each other.
If we have a mixed-sex pair, it’s common to use neuter forms:
Ana i Goran pomažu [jedno drugom]. Ana and Goran help each other.
But you’ll sometimes see masculine animate used for mixed-sex pairs too (this is likely non-standard):
Ana i Goran pomažu [jedan drugom]. Ana and Goran help each other.
When you have a situation where individuals and groups help each other, it’s not strictly person-to-person, it’s common to use plural:
Građani pomažu [jedni drugima]. Citizens help each other.
We have already encountered another reciprocal construction, using se² and related forms. These forms are, strictly speaking, reflexive:
Ana i Goran si pomažu. Ana and Goran help themselves.
(We have used the reflexive DL si², because this verb, of course, requires a person in DL.)
This sentence is, in principle, a bit ambiguous. It could mean that each of them help themselves, but not another person.
A way to emphasize mutuality is using the adverb:
međusobnoʷ¹ mutually, one with/to another
This word can’t be exactly translated into English. It’s used in several ways. First, it’s used to remove any ambiguity from sentences like the last one:
Ana i Goran si međusobnoʷ¹ pomažu. Ana and Goran help one another.
Another use of this adverb is with verbs like dijeliti ~ po- («) divide:
Ana i Goran su podijelili međusobnoʷ¹ pizzu.
Ana and Goran divided a pizza among themselves.
There’s another way to emphasize such forms, using the adjective:
sam alone, on its own
It’s always placed before a stressed form of the pronoun, and must match the subject gender and number:
Ana i Goran pomažu sami sebi. Ana and Goran help themselves. (nobody else is involved)
(the rest is coming soon)
Hi Daniel,
ReplyDeleteFor "Ana i Goran si pomažu" do you mean se instead of si?
In regard to the first comment, I had another look and understand that si is correct instead of se.
ReplyDeleteYes, because pomagati (pomaže) requires the DL case. You literally help to someone. But I clarify it above. lp
Delete